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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Nursing Management01:30

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Nursing Management

Nursing management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is crucial for providing thorough care and support to patients. Nurses play an integral role in this process through detailed assessment, careful planning, targeted interventions, and ongoing evaluation. Here's an overview of the critical steps in nursing management for COPD.
Assessment
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet cell...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: an update.

Anita Bhandari1, Vineet Bhandari

  • 1Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|February 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease in premature infants, has evolving management strategies. Research explores novel treatments and genetic factors to improve outcomes and reduce long-term complications.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatology
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a significant complication of prematurity, characterized by chronic lung injury.
  • The definition, pathology, and management of BPD have evolved considerably over the last 40 years.
  • Infants with BPD often experience persistent pulmonary and neurodevelopmental issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving landscape of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) management.
  • To highlight novel therapeutic strategies and the importance of nutrition and infection prophylaxis.
  • To emphasize the potential of genetic research in advancing BPD prevention and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of changes in BPD definition, pathology, and management over four decades.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

  • Discussion of current and emerging treatment modalities, including non-invasive ventilation and novel therapies.
  • Emphasis on nutritional support and viral infection prophylaxis.

    • Main Results:

    • Management strategies for both acute and later stages of BPD continue to advance.
    • Novel approaches such as non-invasive ventilation, recombinant human SOD, CC10, and inhaled NO are under investigation.
    • Nutritional adequacy and viral infection prophylaxis are crucial for lung repair and reduced rehospitalization.

    Conclusions:

    • Despite advances, infants with BPD face ongoing pulmonary and neurodevelopmental challenges.
    • Continued research into genetic contributions is essential for developing improved preventive and therapeutic strategies for BPD.
    • Optimizing lung growth and repair through nutrition and preventing infections remains vital.