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Related Concept Videos

Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry01:33

Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry is the study of the different spatial arrangements of atoms in a given molecule. The stereochemistry of radical halogenations can be understood from three different situations:
Halogenation to form a new chiral center:
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:11

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren syndrome.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Perturbing Endothelial Biomechanics via Connexin 43 Structural Disruption
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New Chalcones from Bidens pilosa.

B Hoffmann1, J Hölzl

  • 1Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie der Universität Marburg/Lahn, Deutschhausstraße 17 1/2, D-3550 Marburg/Lahn, Federal Republic of Germany.

Planta Medica
|February 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary

Two novel natural compounds, okanin 4'- O-beta- D-(2'',4'',6''-triacetyl)-glucoside and okanin 4'- O-beta- D-(6''- TRANS-P-coumaroyl)-glucoside, were isolated from Bidens pilosa L. Their structures were confirmed using spectroscopic methods.

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Field Identification of Matricaria chamomilla using a Portable qPCR System
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Area of Science:

  • Phytochemistry
  • Natural Product Chemistry

Background:

  • Bidens pilosa L. is a plant species known for its diverse phytochemical constituents.
  • Isolation and characterization of novel compounds contribute to understanding plant chemical diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To isolate and elucidate the structures of new natural compounds from Bidens pilosa L. leaves.
  • To provide detailed spectroscopic data for the identified compounds, including okanin 4"- O-beta- D-glucoside (marein).

Main Methods:

  • Extraction and isolation of compounds from Bidens pilosa L. leaves.
  • Structure elucidation using UV, FD-MS (Fast-Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry), (1)H-NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), and (13)C-NMR (Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Isolation of three compounds: okanin 4 - O-beta- D-(2 ,4 ,6 -triacetyl)-glucoside, okanin 4 - O-beta- D-(6 - TRANS-P-coumaroyl)-glucoside, and okanin 3 - O-beta- D-glucoside.
  • The first two compounds are reported as new natural products.
  • Comprehensive NMR spectral data for okanin 4 - O-beta- D-glucoside (marein) were obtained and are presented.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully identified novel flavonoid glycosides from Bidens pilosa L.
  • The detailed structural information aids in the chemotaxonomic understanding of the Bidens genus.
  • This research expands the known phytochemical profile of Bidens pilosa L.