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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
07:26

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Published on: September 26, 2019

Smoking and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease.

Marc G Weisskopf1, Francine Grodstein, Alberto Ascherio

  • 1Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA. mweissko@hsph.harvard.edu

Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society
|February 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Cigarette smoking before Parkinson's disease onset is linked to poorer cognitive function in patients. This association was observed in large prospective studies, highlighting smoking as a potential risk factor for cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease.

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Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
07:26

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Published on: September 26, 2019

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
10:28

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: July 24, 2019

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking
14:21

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking

Published on: August 6, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have a significantly higher risk of dementia.
  • Determinants of cognitive function in Parkinson's disease are not well understood.
  • Investigating modifiable factors like smoking is crucial for understanding cognitive decline in PD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between pre-disease onset cigarette smoking and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease patients.
  • To compare cognitive function in PD patients based on smoking status.
  • To assess if smoking impacts cognitive decline in PD.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study including Parkinson's disease patients (n=286) and matched controls (n=1144).
  • Telephone-administered cognitive function assessments.
  • Linear regression analysis adjusted for relevant covariates (age, education, sex, PD onset age, years since diagnosis).

Main Results:

  • Parkinson's disease patients performed significantly worse on all cognitive tests compared to controls.
  • Among PD patients, current smokers at PD onset had worse scores on the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status and a global cognitive score compared to never smokers.
  • The cognitive deficit associated with smoking in PD patients was equivalent to approximately 10 years of aging in controls.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-disease onset cigarette smoking is associated with worse cognitive function in Parkinson's disease patients.
  • Smoking may be a significant factor contributing to cognitive impairment in the progression of Parkinson's disease.
  • Findings underscore the importance of smoking cessation and prevention strategies for individuals at risk for or diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.