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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

Appendicitis

Appendicitis

Appendicitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the vermiform appendix, most commonly caused by obstruction of its lumen. The appendix is a narrow, blind-ended pouch that extends from the cecum, making it particularly prone to obstruction. Causes include fecaliths, lymphoid hyperplasia (often after viral infections), parasites, tumors, or foreign bodies. This obstruction initiates a cascade of pathological changes.Luminal Obstruction and Early InflammationAfter obstruction, normal mucosal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

The Pocket-Creation Procedure of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Large Rectal Laterally Spreading Tumors

The Pocket-Creation Procedure of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Large Rectal Laterally Spreading Tumors

Published on: February 13, 2026

Rectal GIST presenting as a submucosal calculus.

Mark Testroote¹, Marije Hoornweg, Steven Rhemrev

¹Department of Surgery, Medisch Centrum Haaglanden, Aan de Pas 15, 5935 VK Steyl, Den Haag, The Netherlands. marktestroote@yahoo.com

Digestive Diseases and Sciences

|February 3, 2007

Summary

This case report details a rare rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) found incidentally as a calcified submucosal mass. This unique presentation highlights GISTs

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

The Pocket-Creation Procedure of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Large Rectal Laterally Spreading Tumors

The Pocket-Creation Procedure of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Large Rectal Laterally Spreading Tumors

Published on: February 13, 2026

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology and Oncology
Pathology
Radiology

Background:

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms of the GI tract, typically found in the stomach.
Rectal GISTs are uncommon, and calcification is an unusual clinicopathological feature.
Accurate diagnosis relies on histology and immunohistochemistry, differentiating GISTs from other mesenchymal tumors.

Observation:

A 53-year-old male presented with abdominal pain and constipation, revealing a palpable submucosal swelling in the rectum.
Imaging studies (CT, MRI) identified the lesion as a calculus.
Surgical excision revealed a rectal GIST expressing CD117 and CD34, with calcification noted.

Findings:

This is the first reported case of a rectal GIST presenting as a submucosal calculus.
The tumor measured 3.1 x 2.3 x 1.8 cm and expressed CD117 (c-kit) and CD34.
Histological criteria stratify GISTs for malignant potential, with size and mitotic activity being key factors.

Implications:

This case expands the known spectrum of GIST presentations, emphasizing the importance of considering rare differentials.
The CD117 marker indicates potential responsiveness to tyrosine kinase inhibitors like Imatinib.
Further research into the pathogenesis and management of calcified GISTs may be warranted.