A comparative analysis of healing of surgical cleft lip corrected in utero and neonates

We studied the healing process in surgically created cleft lips in fetal mice and compared it with that in newborn mice with cleft lips. Our purpose was to determine the time for optimal healing, defined as minimal scarring, for a repaired cleft lip. Full-thickness paramedian lip incisions were made in NMRI mice in utero, in 2- and 4-day-old neonates, and in adults (n = 10 in each experimental and control group). The healing process was studied by biochemical analysis of hyaluronic acid and hydroxyproline content in the repaired cleft tissue. We found that the production of hyaluronic acid remained stable during the healing period and was similar in all experimental groups. However, there was an unexplained but consistent depression in the hyaluronic acid content of fetal tissue 2 days after repair. Hydroxyproline was present in the fetal healing tissue, but in a low concentration, starting 4 days after surgical incision of the lip. The production of hydroxyproline in 2-day-old neonates was similar to that in the fetuses throughout the healing period (p less than 0.0005). However, the production of hydroxyproline increased in 4-day-old neonatal and adult tissues. In conclusion, we found an optimal healing period for mice with minimal collagen production in the late fetal stage, and this lasted 2 days after birth.