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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

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Related Experiment Video

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Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes
12:11

Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes

Published on: May 11, 2017

Dynamic changes in histone acetylation during sheep oocyte maturation.

Lian-Sheng Tang1, Qiang Wang, Bo Xiong

  • 1College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, P. R. China.

The Journal of Reproduction and Development
|February 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Histone acetylation patterns in sheep oocytes change during meiosis. Acetylation of H3/K9 and H4/K12 marks follow a similar dynamic, while H4/K5 shows a unique pattern throughout oocyte maturation.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Histone acetylation dynamics vary across cell types and developmental stages.
  • Understanding these changes is crucial for comprehending cell differentiation and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific alterations in histone acetylation during sheep oocyte meiosis.
  • To characterize the temporal patterns of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3/K9) and histone H4 lysines 5 (H4/K5) and 12 (H4/K12) acetylation.

Main Methods:

  • Immunostaining using specific antibodies against acetylated histone marks.
  • Microscopic analysis of fluorescence signals in sheep oocytes at various meiotic stages.

Main Results:

  • H3/K9 and H4/K12 acetylation were intense in germinal vesicle stages, decreased in metaphase I, and reappeared in later stages and first polar bodies.
  • H4/K5 acetylation emerged in metaphase I, peaked in anaphase I-telophase I, and was weak in metaphase II and first polar bodies.

Conclusions:

  • Acetylation patterns of H3/K9 and H4/K12 are similar during sheep oocyte meiotic maturation.
  • The acetylation pattern of H4/K5 is distinct and unique compared to H3/K9 and H4/K12.