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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...

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Related Experiment Videos

The cost of treating type 2 diabetes (CODEIRE).

J J Nolan1, D O'Halloran, T J McKenna

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.

Irish Medical Journal
|February 6, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) management is costly, driven by complications. Investing in T2D prevention and complication management offers a cost-effective approach for governments.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health
  • Health Economics

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic metabolic disease, contributing significantly to global morbidity and mortality.
  • Increasing rates of obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and an aging population are fueling a T2D epidemic, raising concerns about healthcare system costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct healthcare costs associated with managing T2D in Ireland.
  • To analyze the cost drivers and the impact of complications on T2D management expenses.

Main Methods:

  • A bottom-up, prevalence-based study design was employed.
  • Data were collected over 12 months (1999/2000) from 701 T2D patients across four Irish diabetes centers.
  • Included hospital resource use and clinical outcome measures for patients receiving usual care.

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • Estimated annual direct costs for diagnosed T2D were €377.2 million (4.1% of healthcare expenditure), rising to €580.2 million (6.4%) for diagnosed and undiagnosed cases.
  • Hospitalizations constituted nearly half of the total costs, with ambulatory and drug costs at 27% and 25%, respectively.
  • Patients with microvascular and macrovascular complications incurred 1.8 and 2.9 times higher annual care costs, respectively, compared to those without complications.

Conclusions:

  • T2D is a substantial financial burden on healthcare systems, primarily due to the costs of managing its complications.
  • Preventable diabetes-related complications significantly increase healthcare expenditure.
  • Investing in T2D prevention and the management of its complications is a cost-effective strategy for government health policy.