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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Determination of Continuity Index Values in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation with Proactive Esophageal Cooling
Published on: April 19, 2024
Total liquid ventilation provides ultra-fast cardioprotective cooling
Renaud Tissier1, Kazutoshi Hamanaka, Atsushi Kuno
1Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA.
Objectives:
We tested whether total liquid ventilation (TLV) can be used to rapidly cool and protect the infarcting heart.
Background:
Decreasing myocardial temperature during ischemia is a powerful cardioprotective strategy, but clinical application has been impaired by lack of practical methodology to quickly cool the heart.
Methods:
We performed 30-min coronary artery occlusion/3-h reperfusion in rabbits. Upon occlusion, rabbits underwent either oxygen (Gas), normothermic liquid (Liquid Warm), or cold liquid (Liquid Cool) ventilation.
Results:
Left atrial chamber temperature decreased to 32.4 degrees +/- 0.2 degrees C within 5 min of onset of cold TLV. Blood gases were within acceptable limits during TLV. In the Liquid Warm group, perfluorocarbon inhalation did not alter infarct size compared with Gas (37.7 +/- 1.3% and 42.5 +/- 4.9% of risk zone, respectively). However, infarction was significantly reduced in the Liquid Cool group (4.0 +/- 0.5%). Cooling only during the initial 30 min of reperfusion did not reduce infarction.
Conclusions:
Total liquid ventilation can elicit rapid cardioprotective cooling during ischemia.
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