Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Aggression01:47

Aggression

Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for hire...
Bullying02:04

Bullying

A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is bullying.
Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...
Mate Choice01:20

Mate Choice

Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with  distinct numbers of X chromosomes will have...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Multiple origins of obligate nematode and insect symbionts by a clade of bacteria closely related to plant pathogens.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2020
Same author

Temperature is a common climatic descriptor of lachryphagous activity period in Phortica variegata (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from multiple geographical locations.

Parasites & vectors·2020
Same author

Nonrandom associations of maternally transmitted symbionts in insects: The roles of drift versus biased cotransmission and selection.

Molecular ecology·2019
Same author

Endosymbiont-based immunity in Drosophila melanogaster against parasitic nematode infection.

PloS one·2018
Same author

Competence of <i>Phortica variegata</i> from the United States as an Intermediate Host of the <i>Thelazia callipaeda</i> Eyeworm.

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene·2018
Same author

RESOURCE PREDICTABILITY AND NICHE BREADTH IN THE DROSOPHILA QUINARIA SPECIES GROUP.

Evolution; international journal of organic evolution·2017

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
09:12

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

Published on: July 4, 2013

Fighting back against male-killers.

John Jaenike1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA. joja@mail.rochester.edu

Trends in Ecology & Evolution
|February 6, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Male-killing bacteria, Wolbachia, can cause host extinction. Researchers found genetic resistance to these bacteria in butterflies, suggesting male-killing traits can rapidly evolve and disappear.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics
  • Microbial Ecology

Background:

  • Male-killing endosymbionts, such as Wolbachia, can significantly impact host populations by eliminating males.
  • These endosymbionts create a 'genetic black hole,' leading to the loss of host nuclear genes.
  • Understanding the dynamics of host-symbiont interactions is crucial for evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic basis of host resistance to male-killing Wolbachia.
  • To explore the evolutionary implications of host resistance on the persistence of male-killing traits.

Main Methods:

  • Transferring male-killing Wolbachia between different butterfly strains (Hypolimnas bolina) using hybridization and backcrossing.
  • Analyzing genetic variation within host populations to identify resistance mechanisms.

More Related Videos

Chronic Social Defeat Stress in Early Adolescent Male Mice
07:06

Chronic Social Defeat Stress in Early Adolescent Male Mice

Published on: January 24, 2025

A New Approach that Eliminates Handling for Studying Aggression and the "Loser" Effect in Drosophila melanogaster
07:19

A New Approach that Eliminates Handling for Studying Aggression and the "Loser" Effect in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: December 30, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
09:12

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

Published on: July 4, 2013

Chronic Social Defeat Stress in Early Adolescent Male Mice
07:06

Chronic Social Defeat Stress in Early Adolescent Male Mice

Published on: January 24, 2025

A New Approach that Eliminates Handling for Studying Aggression and the "Loser" Effect in Drosophila melanogaster
07:19

A New Approach that Eliminates Handling for Studying Aggression and the "Loser" Effect in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: December 30, 2015

Main Results:

  • Unambiguous evidence for genetic variation in resistance to male-killing Wolbachia was found among butterfly strains.
  • The study demonstrates that host populations can evolve resistance to endosymbiont-induced male killing.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic variation for resistance to male-killers exists in host populations.
  • The presence of such variation suggests that male-killing traits can emerge and disappear rapidly over evolutionary timescales.