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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Directionality of Nuclear Transport01:42

Directionality of Nuclear Transport

Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...

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Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization
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A balance between two nuclear localization sequences and a nuclear export sequence governs extradenticle subcellular

Katherine E Stevens1, Richard S Mann

  • 1Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.

Genetics
|February 6, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The Hox cofactor Extradenticle (Exd) requires Homothorax (Hth) for its activity, not just for nuclear localization. This study reveals Hth

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Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection
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Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

Published on: December 4, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Transcription factor activity is crucial for animal development.
  • Subcellular localization regulates transcription factor function.
  • The Hox cofactor Extradenticle (Exd) exhibits dynamic localization, typically cytoplasmic but nuclear when bound to Homothorax (Hth).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if Homothorax (Hth) merely induces nuclear localization of Extradenticle (Exd) or is essential for Exd activity.
  • To investigate the nuclear transport signals within Exd.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and a nuclear export signal (NES) in Exd.
  • Generation of Exd variants engineered for nuclear localization independent of Hth.

Main Results:

  • Exd possesses weak, balanced nuclear transport signals and an NLS mask contributing to cytoplasmic localization.
  • Engineered nuclear-localized Exd forms were functional but did not fully replicate Hth overexpression effects.
  • Hth is necessary for Exd's full activity, beyond simply facilitating nuclear entry.

Conclusions:

  • Homothorax (Hth) is essential for Extradenticle (Exd) activity, not solely for its nuclear import.
  • Understanding Exd-Hth interactions provides insights into Hox cofactor regulation during development.