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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
Transcription in Prokaryotes01:28

Transcription in Prokaryotes

Transcription is a highly regulated process that converts genetic information into RNA molecules. The transcription cycle is divided into three key stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each driven by specific molecular mechanisms.Initiation of TranscriptionIn bacteria, transcription begins when the RNA polymerase core enzyme associates with a sigma factor to form a holoenzyme. For example, the E. coli sigma factor called σ70 forms a holoenzyme, which recognizes the -10 (Pribnow box)...
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA into a...
Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...

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Monitoring Protein-RNA Interaction Dynamics In Vivo at High Temporal Resolution Using χCRAC
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Crystallization of the archaeal transcription termination factor NusA: a significant decrease in twinning under

Hiroaki Tanaka1, Takashi Umehara, Koji Inaka

  • 1Confocal Science Inc., Wakamatsu Building 7F, 3-3-6 Nihonbashi Hon-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan.

Acta Crystallographica. Section F, Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications
|February 6, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Microgravity crystallization of Aeropyrum pernix transcription termination factor NusA significantly reduced crystal twinning and improved resolution. This study highlights microgravity

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Transcription termination factor NusA is crucial for gene regulation.
  • Protein crystallization is essential for determining protein structures.
  • Aeropyrum pernix provides a model system for studying archaeal proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of microgravity on protein crystallization.
  • To optimize crystallization conditions for NusA from Aeropyrum pernix.
  • To compare crystal quality obtained via terrestrial and microgravity methods.

Main Methods:

  • Counter-diffusion crystallization technique.
  • Terrestrial and microgravity crystallization experiments.
  • X-ray diffraction analysis for crystal quality and resolution assessment.

Main Results:

  • Microgravity crystallization reduced crystal twinning from 18.3% to 1.0%.
  • Maximum resolution improved from 3.0 Å to 2.29 Å under microgravity.
  • Unit-cell parameters remained similar between terrestrial and microgravity crystals.

Conclusions:

  • Microgravity environment enhances protein crystal quality for transcription factors.
  • Reduced twinning and improved resolution facilitate detailed structural analysis.
  • Space-based crystallization offers advantages for structural biology research.