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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Achalasia01:27

Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Robotic Myotomy and Partial Fundoplication for Achalasia
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Published on: August 11, 2023

Achalasia and thyroid disease.

Mohammad Hassan Emami1, Mostafa Raisi, Jaleh Amini

  • 1Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Hakim Research Institution, Isfahan, Iran.

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|February 6, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Achalasia may be linked to autoimmune conditions. This study found thyroid disease in 23% of achalasia patients, suggesting a potential common etiology for these conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The etiology of achalasia remains largely unknown.
  • Autoimmune mechanisms are increasingly implicated in achalasia pathogenesis.
  • Screening for comorbid autoimmune diseases may offer insights into achalasia causes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore potential etiological links between achalasia and autoimmune diseases.
  • To screen achalasia patients for the presence of thyroid disease.
  • To investigate the association between achalasia and other autoimmune markers.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of sera from 30 achalasia patients (15-70 years old).
  • Screening for autoimmune markers including rheumatoid disease, thyroid disease, inflammatory markers, and anemia.

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  • Analysis of thyroid function (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, euthyroid state with nodules).

    • Main Results:

    • Thyroid disease was identified in 7 of 30 (23%) achalasia patients.
    • Specific findings included hypothyroidism in 13.3% and hyperthyroidism in 6.6%.
    • No correlation was observed between thyroid disease severity and achalasia symptom intensity.

    Conclusions:

    • Autoimmunity is a potential contributing factor to achalasia.
    • Thyroid disease co-occurs in approximately one-fourth of achalasia patients.
    • The findings suggest a possible shared etiology between achalasia and thyroid disease.