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Structure of Conjugated Dienes

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.

Isomerism in Alkenes

Isomerism in Alkenes

Alkenes like 1-butene and 2-butene exhibit constitutional isomerism, as they differ in the position of the double bond. Further, 2-butene exhibits stereoisomerism and exists as two distinct compounds differing in spatial arrangement.
An isomer is called cis-2-butene when the methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond, and the other stereoisomer, in which methyl groups are on the opposite side of the double bond, is called trans-2-butene. The cis and trans stereoisomers are not...

Structure and Physical Properties of Alkynes

Structure and Physical Properties of Alkynes

Introduction:
In nature, compounds containing both carbon and hydrogen are known as "hydrocarbons". Aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds whose molecules contain saturated single bonds (i.e., alkanes) or unsaturated double or triple bonds. Alkenes contain carbon–carbon double bonds and have a structural formula CnH2n. Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon–carbon triple bonds are called "alkynes" and are structurally represented by the formula CnH2n-2.
The simplest alkyne is ethyne, or...

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
A comparison of the enthalpies of hydrogenation of dienes reveals that conjugated dienes release less heat on hydrogenation, rendering them more stable than their nonconjugated analogs.

Structure and Bonding of Alkenes

Structure and Bonding of Alkenes

Olefins, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon–carbon double bonds, are broadly divided into alkenes and cycloalkenes. The general chemical formula of an alkene is CnH2n.
Doubly bonded carbons are sp2 hybridized and have a trigonal planar geometry. The double bond is composed of a σ bond formed by the overlap of hybrid orbitals and a π bond produced by the lateral overlap of unhybridized 2p orbitals on both the carbons. Each carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Synthesis of In37P20(O2CR)51 Clusters and Their Conversion to InP Quantum Dots

Synthesis of In₃₇P₂₀(O₂CR)₅₁ Clusters and Their Conversion to InP Quantum Dots

Published on: May 7, 2019

Solid- and solution-state structures of indium 'alkene analogues'.

Michael S Hill¹, Peter B Hitchcock, Ruti Pongtavornpinyo

¹Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, UKSW7 2AZ. mike.hill@imperial.ac.uk

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)

|February 7, 2007

Summary

Nuclearity of Indium(I) carbenes depends on ligand sterics. However, solution NMR diffusion (DOSY) shows that solid-state In-In interactions are weak and absent in solution.

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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

Area of Science:

Organometallic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

Indium(I) compounds, particularly 'carbenes', exhibit unique bonding characteristics.
The nuclearity (aggregation state) of these species is influenced by supporting ligands.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the solution behavior of Indium(I) 'carbenes'.
To determine if solid-state In-In interactions persist in solution.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of Indium(I) 'carbenes' with varying beta-diketiminate ligands.
Solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) analysis.

Main Results:

The nuclearity of Indium(I) 'carbenes' is sensitive to the steric bulk of the beta-diketiminate ligand.
Diffusion NMR (DOSY) experiments reveal that observed In-In interactions in the solid-state are negligible in solution.

Conclusions:

Solid-state In-In interactions in these Indium(I) 'carbenes' are not retained in solution.
Ligand steric effects play a crucial role in the observed nuclearity, but do not translate to solution-phase aggregation.