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Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

Weissenberg reflection high-energy electron diffraction for surface crystallography.

Tadashi Abukawa1, Tomoyuki Yamazaki, Kentaro Yajima

  • 1Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan. abukawa@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

Physical Review Letters
|February 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study adapts the Weissenberg camera principle for surface crystallography using reflection high-energy electron diffraction. This method enables detailed analysis of surface structures, validated by Si(111)-sqrt(3)xsqrt(3)-Ag surface data.

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Crystallography
  • Electron diffraction

Background:

  • Surface crystallography is crucial for understanding material properties at interfaces.
  • Traditional methods may have limitations in analyzing large reciprocal space volumes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To adapt the Weissenberg camera principle for surface crystallographic analysis.
  • To enable kinematical analysis over an extended reciprocal space using reflection high-energy electron diffraction.

Main Methods:

  • Applying the Weissenberg camera principle to reflection high-energy electron diffraction.
  • Removing inelastic electrons to obtain clear diffraction patterns.
  • Measuring numerous patterns across varying sample rotation angles (phi).
  • Performing kinematical analysis on the collected data set.

Main Results:

  • The method generates a data set equivalent to a 3D stack of Weissenberg photographs.
  • Successful application to analyze the Si(111)-sqrt(3)xsqrt(3)-Ag surface.
  • Obtained structural data shows excellent agreement with the established atomic structure.

Conclusions:

  • The adapted Weissenberg method is effective for surface crystallographic analysis.
  • This technique provides comprehensive structural data from a large reciprocal space volume.
  • The findings validate the method's accuracy and utility for surface structure determination.