Actin and myosin genes are transcriptionally regulated during mouse skeletal muscle development

During primary and secondary myotube formation in utero and subsequent maturation of muscle fibers after birth there are complex changes in the pattern of contractile protein gene expression at the RNA and protein levels. In order to determine the degree of transcriptional regulation of actin and myosin genes we have carried out "nuclear run-on" experiments using nuclei prepared from the limb muscle of mice at 14.5, 15.5, 17.5, and 18.5 days in utero and at 10-12 and 12.5 days after birth. We show that transitions in the expression of these genes in vivo are regulated transcriptionally. Transcription of the sarcomeric alpha-actins changes from cardiac to predominantly skeletal actin over this time period; transcription of the beta-actin gene is repressed. The myosin heavy chain and myosin light chain genes also undergo transcriptional transitions during muscle development. Notably, transcription from the MLC3F promoter is activated after that of the MLC1F promoter, which is part of the same gene. These results are discussed in the context of published RNA data.