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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Assessing the Cellular Immune Response of the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster, Using an In Vivo Phagocytosis Assay

Assessing the Cellular Immune Response of the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster, Using an In Vivo Phagocytosis Assay

Published on: April 10, 2019

Drosophila C-type lectins enhance cellular encapsulation.

Jingqun Ao¹, Erjun Ling, Xiao-Qiang Yu

¹Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.

Molecular Immunology

|February 9, 2007

Summary

Two fruit fly C-type lectins, DL2 and DL3, bind bacteria and enhance hemocyte immune responses. These lectins act as pattern recognition receptors, mediating immune cell recruitment and activity against pathogens.

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

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Area of Science:

* Molecular Biology
* Immunology
* Entomology

Background:

* C-type lectins are calcium-dependent carbohydrate-binding proteins crucial for innate immunity and cell interactions in animals.
* While Drosophila melanogaster has over 30 C-type lectin genes, their specific roles in innate immunity remain largely uncharacterized.
* Understanding these lectins is vital for deciphering fruit fly immune defense mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

* To investigate the involvement of two specific Drosophila C-type lectins, CG33532 (DL2) and CG33533 (DL3), in innate immune responses.
* To determine if DL2 and DL3 play a role in hemocyte-mediated immunity, including encapsulation and melanization.

Main Methods:

* Expression and purification of recombinant DL2 and DL3 proteins.
* In vitro assays to assess bacterial agglutination by DL2 and DL3.
* Detection of DL2 and DL3 on hemocyte surfaces and their binding to hemocytes.
* Evaluation of hemocyte encapsulation and melanization of lectin-coated agarose beads.

Main Results:

* Recombinant DL2 and DL3 demonstrated calcium-dependent agglutination of Gram-negative Escherichia coli.
* DL2 and DL3 were detected on Drosophila hemocyte surfaces and directly bound to hemocytes.
* Coating agarose beads with DL2 and DL3 enhanced their encapsulation and melanization by hemocytes.
* Antibody-mediated blocking inhibited hemocyte encapsulation of lectin-coated beads.

Conclusions:

* Drosophila C-type lectins DL2 and DL3 are involved in innate immune responses.
* DL2 and DL3 likely function as pattern recognition receptors, mediating hemocyte encapsulation and melanization.
* These lectins may recruit hemocytes to pathogen-associated molecular patterns on a surface.