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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
10:03

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Risk factors associated with postcraniotomy meningitis.

Irene S Kourbeti1, Anke V Jacobs, Maxim Koslow

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Crete and Graduate Program Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Greece.

Neurosurgery
|February 10, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Postcraniotomy meningitis risk increases with sinus entry during surgery, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists scores, and longer use of external ventricular drains or intracranial pressure monitoring devices.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
10:03

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology
  • Patient Safety

Background:

  • Postcraniotomy meningitis is a significant complication following brain surgery.
  • Understanding its incidence, bacteriology, and risk factors is crucial for prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence, bacteriological features, and risk factors for postcraniotomy meningitis.
  • Identify key variables associated with increased risk.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of adult patients undergoing nonstereotactic craniotomies (1996-2000).
  • Exclusion of shunt and burr hole operations; focus on first 30 postoperative days.
  • Evaluation of host factors, craniotomy type, and perioperative variables as potential risk factors.

Main Results:

  • 25 cases of meningitis occurred among 453 patients (incidence 5.5%).
  • Gram-positive cocci were the most common pathogens in culture-positive cases.
  • Significant risk factors included sinus entry (OR 4.49), elevated American Society of Anesthesiologists score (OR 1.72), and duration of external ventricular drainage (OR 1.21) and intracranial pressure monitoring (OR 1.24).

Conclusions:

  • Postoperative meningitis is associated with bacterial access from the upper airway to the surgical site.
  • Host factors (American Society of Anesthesiologists score) and duration of device use (ventricular drains, ICP monitors) are critical risk factors.
  • These findings highlight targets for infection prevention strategies.