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Related Concept Videos

The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

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In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
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Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
16:11

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

Multiple photochemical reaction pathways in a Ni(II) coordination compound.

Franklin P Ow1, Bryana L Henderson, Jeffrey I Zink

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.

Inorganic Chemistry
|February 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Gas-phase photofragmentation of a nickel(II) compound reveals specific fragmentation of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine ligands while coordinated to nickel. Unexpected NiF+ formation was also observed, despite the absence of nickel-fluorine bonds in the original molecule.

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Published on: November 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Gas-Phase Photochemistry
  • Mass Spectrometry

Background:

  • Metal-containing compounds are typically studied for metal-ligand bond fragmentation.
  • Gas-phase studies often focus on the dissociation of weaker bonds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the gas-phase photofragmentation of trans-bis(trifluoroacetato)bis(N,N"-dimethylethylenediamine)nickel(II) (Ni(tfa)2(dmen)2).
  • To analyze the fragmentation patterns of coordinated ligands using time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Main Methods:

  • Gas-phase photofragmentation experiments.
  • Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) detection.
  • Analysis of fragmentation products of Ni(tfa)2(dmen)2.

Main Results:

  • N,N -dimethylethylenediamine (dmen) ligands fragment while remaining coordinated to the nickel center.
  • Specific formation of mono- and diimine species coordinated to nickel.
  • Observation of uncoordinated imine species and small dmen fragments.
  • Consistent detection of NiF+ fragment, indicating fluorine abstraction without direct Ni-F bonds.

Conclusions:

  • Ligand fragmentation can occur specifically while coordinated to a metal center in the gas phase.
  • The observed NiF+ formation suggests novel reaction pathways, possibly involving trifluoroacetate ligands.
  • Photofragmentation of Ni(tfa)2(dmen)2 provides unique insights into gas-phase coordination chemistry.