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Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails01:05

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
The main components of a nail include the following.
Nail Plate: The nail plate is the visible portion of the nail that extends beyond the fingertips or toes. It is a hard, translucent...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes
09:38

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes

Published on: August 27, 2021

Twenty nail dystrophy in vitiligo.

Sujay Khandpur1, Arika Bansal, Vinod K Sharma

  • 1Deparment of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. sujaykhandpur@yahoo.co.in

The Journal of Dermatology
|February 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Twenty nail dystrophy (TND) is a rare manifestation of dermatoses, sometimes linked to vitiligo. This case highlights a potential autoimmune connection between vitiligo and TND affecting nail health.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes
09:38

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes

Published on: August 27, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Nail Disorders

Background:

  • Twenty nail dystrophy (TND) is a nail disorder with diverse causes.
  • Vitiligo is an autoimmune condition affecting melanocytes.
  • The co-occurrence of TND and vitiligo is infrequently reported.

Observation:

  • A patient with acrofacial vitiligo developed signs of TND.
  • Nail matrix biopsy was performed to investigate the TND.
  • The biopsy showed a lichenoid reaction and inflammation.

Findings:

  • The nail matrix biopsy revealed a focal lichenoid reaction.
  • Chronic inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the dermal papillae and around blood vessels.
  • Systemic investigations ruled out other autoimmune conditions.

Implications:

  • This case suggests a potential shared autoimmune pathogenesis between vitiligo and TND.
  • Understanding this link may improve diagnosis and management of TND in vitiligo patients.
  • Further research is warranted to explore the autoimmune mechanisms involved.