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Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Particle Agglutination Method for Poliovirus Identification

Particle Agglutination Method for Poliovirus Identification

Published on: April 20, 2011

Poliovirus immunisation for travellers.

Jane N Zuckerman¹

¹Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

|February 13, 2007

Summary

Mass immunization with oral polio vaccine (OPV) has nearly eradicated polio globally. However, rare risks associated with OPV have led to the use of inactivated polio vaccine, especially for travelers.

Area of Science:

Public Health
Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Vaccinology

Background:

Mass immunization campaigns utilizing oral live attenuated trivalent vaccine (OPV) have been instrumental in eradicating wild-type poliovirus transmission in industrialized nations and are nearing global polio eradication.
The success of OPV has significantly reduced the incidence of poliomyelitis worldwide, bringing global eradication within reach.

Discussion:

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the risk of oral polio vaccine-associated poliomyelitis at 0.5-3.4 cases per million susceptible children.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the USA reports a risk of 1 case per 2.4 million doses of OPV, highlighting a rare but significant concern.

Key Insights:

The low but present risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis has prompted a shift towards inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in certain regions, including the USA.

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This strategic shift aims to mitigate vaccine-associated risks while maintaining progress towards global polio eradication.

Outlook:

The review examines the current risk of poliomyelitis for international travelers.
It also discusses the application of immunization strategies to protect against polio infections in a changing vaccination landscape.