Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...
Acute Respiratory Failure-I01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Acute Respiratory Failure-V01:29

Acute Respiratory Failure-V

The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is slower than the...
Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Building and Implementing a Multidisciplinary Cough Clinic.

Otolaryngologic clinics of North America·2026
Same author

Newly Acquired Burnout During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study on the Experiences of New York State Primary Care Clinicians.

Journal of community health·2023
Same author

The Influence of Geography, Religion, Religiosity and Institutional Factors on Worldwide End-of-Life Care for the Critically Ill: The WELPICUS Study.

Journal of palliative care·2021
Same author

Extradural Dumbbell-Shaped Tuberculoma Masquerading as Nerve Sheath Tumor: Case Report and Review of Literature.

World neurosurgery·2019
Same author

Hemorrhagic intracranial follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: A case report.

Surgical neurology international·2017
Same author

Glioblastoma multiforme presenting with an open ring pattern of enhancement on MR imaging.

Surgical neurology international·2017

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device
09:36

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Published on: September 24, 2020

Hydroxychloroquine-induced toxic myopathy causing respiratory failure.

Anita K Siddiqui1, Seymour I Huberfeld, Karen M Weidenheim

  • 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.

Chest
|February 14, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) can cause rare neuromyotoxicity, leading to muscle weakness. Early evaluation and discontinuation of HCQ may improve patient outcomes in cases of suspected toxicity.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device
09:36

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Published on: September 24, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Neurology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are widely used antimalarial drugs for systemic diseases.
  • Hydroxychloroquine neuromyotoxicity is a rare but serious complication.

Observation:

  • A patient with rheumatoid arthritis presented with respiratory failure and proximal myopathy.
  • Muscle biopsy revealed characteristic ultrastructural changes, including curvilinear bodies, indicative of HCQ toxicity.

Findings:

  • The patient's myopathy was attributed to hydroxychloroquine toxicity.
  • Discontinuation of HCQ led to clinical improvement in this case.

Implications:

  • Clinicians should consider HCQ toxicity in patients with proximal myopathy, neuropathy, or cardiomyopathy.
  • Prompt diagnosis and withdrawal of HCQ can result in significant patient recovery.