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Related Concept Videos

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Ex Vivo OCT-Based Multimodal Imaging of Human Donor Eyes for Research into Age-Related Macular Degeneration
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Progressive macular hypomelanosis: an overview.

Germaine N Relyveld1, Henk E Menke, Wiete Westerhof

  • 1The Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
|February 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Progressive macular hypopelanosis (PMH) is a common skin condition often misdiagnosed. Treatment involving topical antimicrobials and UVA light shows improvement, suggesting Propionibacterium acnes as a potential cause.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Progressive macular hypomelanosis (PMH) is a prevalent skin disorder frequently misdiagnosed.
  • It presents as ill-defined, non-scaly hypopigmented macules on the trunk, predominantly affecting young females in tropical regions.
  • Existing literature describes similar conditions under various names, suggesting a unified underlying pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the etiology and effective treatment of progressive macular hypomelanosis.
  • To differentiate PMH from other hypopigmented disorders like pityriasis alba and pityriasis versicolor.
  • To propose a unifying hypothesis for the cause of PMH.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical observation and characterization of PMH lesions.
  • Histological and electron microscopy analysis of skin biopsies.
  • Wood's light examination, bacterial cultures for Propionibacterium acnes, and therapeutic trials with topical antimicrobials and UVA light.

Main Results:

  • Histology reveals diminished epidermal pigment and normal dermis, with electron microscopy showing small, aggregated melanosomes.
  • A characteristic red follicular fluorescence under Wood's light was observed in affected areas.
  • P. acnes was cultivated from hair follicles in hypopigmented spots but not from normal skin, and treatment led to clinical improvement.

Conclusions:

  • PMH is a distinct entity, likely caused by a depigmenting factor produced by Propionibacterium acnes in hair follicles.
  • The proposed treatment regimen of clindamycin, benzoyl peroxide, and UVA irradiation is effective.
  • Further research is needed to determine the recurrence rate after therapy.