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Related Experiment Videos

Infant hyperopia: detection, distribution, changes and correlates-outcomes from the cambridge infant screening

Janette Atkinson1, Oliver Braddick, Marko Nardini

  • 1Visual Development Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom. j.atkinson@ucl.ac.uk

Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry
|February 15, 2007
PubMed
Summary

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Infant refractive screening using photo/videorefraction detects hyperopia, improving visual outcomes with early correction. This screening may also identify developmental delays in infants.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Population screening programs for infants aged 8-9 months were conducted to detect significant refractive errors.
  • The sequelae of infant hyperopia and the impact of early partial spectacle correction on visual outcomes were examined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of infant refractive screening programs.
  • To investigate the association between infant hyperopia and developmental differences up to age 7 years.
  • To assess the cost-effectiveness of infant refractive screening.

Main Methods:

  • Two population screening programs involving orthoptic examination and isotropic photorefraction (with and without cycloplegia) were implemented.
  • Hyperopic infants were followed up with visual and developmental measures, and a controlled trial of partial spectacle correction was conducted.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Linked programs in six European countries assessed the costs of infant refractive screening.

    • Main Results:

    • Photo/videorefraction identified significant hyperopia (approx. 5% prevalence) and manifest strabismus (0.3% at 9 months, 1.5-2.0% by school age).
    • Infant hyperopia was linked to increased strabismus and poorer acuity by age 4, with early spectacle correction showing improved visual outcomes.
    • Hyperopic children exhibited poorer visuoperceptual, cognitive, motor, and attention skills from ages 1-7, but not in early language development.

    Conclusions:

    • Photo/videorefraction is effective for infant refractive error screening, and early correction improves visual outcomes.
    • Infant hyperopia is associated with mild delays in visuocognitive and visuomotor development.
    • Infant refractive screening may identify potential visual, developmental, and learning difficulties.