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Properties of Fourier Transform I

Properties of Fourier Transform I

The application of Fourier Transform properties in radio broadcasting is multifaceted, enabling significant advancements in the way signals are transmitted and received. Key areas where these properties are utilized include simultaneous multi-channel transmission, audio clip speed adjustments, live broadcast delays for different time zones, audio frequency adjustments, and signal demodulation.
In radio broadcasting, multiple audio signals often need to be transmitted simultaneously. The Fourier...

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.

Design Example

Design Example

The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...

Fast Fourier Transform

Fast Fourier Transform

The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a computational algorithm designed to compute the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) efficiently. By breaking down the calculations into smaller, manageable sections, the FFT significantly reduces the computational complexity involved. Direct computation of an N-point DFT requires N2 complex multiplications, whereas the FFT algorithm needs only (N/2)log⁡2N multiplications, offering a much faster performance.
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Discrete-time Fourier transform

Discrete-time Fourier transform

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) is an essential mathematical tool for analyzing discrete-time signals, converting them from the time domain to the frequency domain. This transformation allows for examining the frequency components of discrete signals, providing insights into their spectral characteristics. In the DTFT, the continuous integral used in the continuous-time Fourier transform is replaced by a summation to accommodate the discrete nature of the signal.
One of the notable...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Imaging Plasma Membrane Deformations With pTIRFM

Imaging Plasma Membrane Deformations With pTIRFM

Published on: April 2, 2014

[Basics of TIRFM].

¹JST CREST Soft Nano Machine.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine

|February 17, 2007

Summary

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) offers superior optical sectioning for observing biomolecules. This review covers TIRFM

Area of Science:

Microscopy and Biophysics
Optical Physics

Context:

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) is gaining significant scientific interest.
It offers superior optical sectioning compared to techniques like confocal microscopy.
High signal-to-noise ratio enables single-molecule observation in vitro and in vivo.

Purpose:

To explain the physical theory behind total internal reflection (TIR) and optical sectioning.
To illustrate TIRFM applications in microscopy and biosciences.
To detail the design of a home-built objective-type TIRFM and showcase its imaging capabilities.

Summary:

This review elucidates the physical principles of total internal reflection (TIR) and optical sectioning in fluorescence microscopy.
It highlights the advantages of TIRFM, including enhanced signal-to-noise ratio for single-molecule imaging.

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A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

Published on: March 22, 2012

A Guide to Structured Illumination TIRF Microscopy at High Speed with Multiple Colors

A Guide to Structured Illumination TIRF Microscopy at High Speed with Multiple Colors

Published on: May 30, 2016

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Imaging Plasma Membrane Deformations With pTIRFM

Imaging Plasma Membrane Deformations With pTIRFM

Published on: April 2, 2014

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

Published on: March 22, 2012

A Guide to Structured Illumination TIRF Microscopy at High Speed with Multiple Colors

A Guide to Structured Illumination TIRF Microscopy at High Speed with Multiple Colors

Published on: May 30, 2016

Examples of TIRFM applications and a practical guide to building a TIRFM setup are presented.

Impact:

Facilitates advanced biological research through high-resolution, single-molecule imaging.
Provides a foundation for developing and implementing TIRFM techniques.
Enables direct observation of biomolecular dynamics, advancing bioscience understanding.