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Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

Acid/Base Strengths and Dissociation Constants

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The relative strength of an acid or base is the extent to which it ionizes when dissolved in water. If the ionization reaction is essentially complete, the acid or base is termed strong; if relatively little ionization occurs, the acid or base is weak. There are many more weak acids and bases than strong ones. The most common strong acids and bases are listed below:

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

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Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.

¹H NMR: Pople Notation

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A proton...

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

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Related Experiment Video

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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

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Published on: February 15, 2016

Proper and common names: a double dissociation.

Isabel Pavão Martins¹, Luisa Farrajota

¹Language Research Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon Faculty of Medicine, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal. labling@fm.ul.pt

Neuropsychologia

|February 17, 2007

Summary

This study investigates proper name anomia, a disorder affecting name retrieval. Findings suggest distinct brain pathways for processing proper versus common names, challenging previous theories.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psycholinguistics
Cognitive Psychology

Background:

Proper name anomia and sparing are rare conditions impacting the retrieval of specific names.
Previous research suggests independent brain processing for proper and common names, but methodological differences complicate interpretation.

Observation:

Two patients with complementary deficits following left hemisphere strokes were studied using identical methods.
ACB exhibited impaired naming with proper name sparing, while JFJ showed anomia for people's names despite intact general language abilities.

Findings:

The study provides evidence for a double dissociation between proper and common name retrieval at the lexical access level.
JFJ's ability to retrieve historical and religious names suggests these may be processed differently or segregated within the lexicon.
Lesion location in the left temporal pole was dissociated between patients, contradicting its proposed essential role in proper name processing.

Implications:

These findings offer crucial insights into the neural architecture of name retrieval.
The results challenge the notion of a universal role for the left temporal pole in processing all proper names.
This research refines our understanding of how the brain categorizes and accesses different types of lexical information.