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Related Concept Videos

Specific Heat01:16

Specific Heat

The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or 4186 J/kg/K.
Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature02:19

Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature

Consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re-establish equilibrium without any change in the value of the equilibrium constant, K. When an equilibrium shifts in response to a temperature change, however, it is re-established with a different relative composition that exhibits a different value for the equilibrium constant.
To understand this phenomenon, consider the elementary reaction:
Entropy02:39

Entropy

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
Effect of Temperature Change on Reaction Rate02:28

Effect of Temperature Change on Reaction Rate

The Arrhenius equation,
Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials
05:20

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

Published on: January 26, 2014

Room-temperature quantum Hall effect in graphene.

K S Novoselov1, Z Jiang, Y Zhang

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|February 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Researchers demonstrate the quantum Hall effect in graphene at room temperature, overcoming previous limitations of extremely low temperatures. This breakthrough enables wider accessibility to quantum Hall resistance standards.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum mechanics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • The quantum Hall effect (QHE) is a macroscopic quantum phenomenon crucial for understanding quantum physics.
  • QHE has led to the development of the quantum resistance standard.
  • QHE has historically been limited to cryogenic (liquid-helium) temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the possibility of observing the quantum Hall effect at room temperature.
  • To explore the potential of graphene for overcoming temperature limitations in QHE measurements.
  • To assess the feasibility of making QHE resistance standards more broadly accessible.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing single-layer graphene (a 2D material) for QHE experiments.
  • Conducting measurements under conditions that allow for room-temperature operation.
  • Reliably measuring the quantum Hall effect in the specified material and temperature range.

Main Results:

  • The quantum Hall effect was reliably measured in graphene at room temperature.
  • This achievement removes the need for extreme cooling previously required for QHE observations.
  • Demonstrated the potential for practical applications of QHE at ambient temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene enables the observation of the quantum Hall effect at room temperature, a significant advancement.
  • This finding paves the way for the widespread adoption of QHE-based resistance standards.
  • The research broadens the accessibility of quantum metrology beyond specialized laboratories.