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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
10:19

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models

Published on: August 9, 2012

Acetabular morphology in bladder exstrophy complex.

Alexandre Nehme1, Daniel Oakes, Matthew J Perry

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
|February 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Adults with bladder exstrophy often have acetabular retroversion, a backward tilting of the hip socket. This pelvic anatomy finding may influence long-term hip health in these patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
10:19

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models

Published on: August 9, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Pediatric Urology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital condition affecting pelvic development.
  • Acetabular morphology in adults with a history of bladder exstrophy is not well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the pelvic anatomy, specifically acetabular morphology, in adult patients with a history of bladder exstrophy.
  • To assess the prevalence of acetabular version and associated radiographic parameters in this cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 31 adult patients (62 hips) with bladder exstrophy and no prior surgery.
  • Radiographic analysis of parameters including lateral center-edge angle, acetabular index, head extrusion, and acetabular version.
  • Evaluation of sacral width and interteardrop distance.

Main Results:

  • The majority of hips (60/62) showed no signs of arthritis.
  • Average lateral center-edge angle was 32 degrees, acetabular index was 5.7 degrees, and head extrusion index was 0.266%.
  • Fifty-eight percent of hips demonstrated acetabular retroversion, while 42% were neutral or anteverted.

Conclusions:

  • Adults with bladder exstrophy, particularly those without prior pelvic surgery, frequently exhibit acetabular retroversion.
  • This acetabular morphology may be a significant finding for understanding long-term hip joint health in this population.
  • Most patients in this cohort did not develop early-onset arthritis.