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Related Concept Videos

Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview01:21

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview

Sample preparation is an essential step in the analytical process. It involves preparing a sample so that it can be analyzed accurately. The goal is to extract the analyte, the substance you want to measure, from the sample while removing any components that may interfere with the analysis. Sample preparation techniques vary depending on the physical state of the sample.
Bulk or large solid samples are typically reduced in size using grinding, crushing, or milling techniques to increase the...
Gas Chromatography: Introduction01:13

Gas Chromatography: Introduction

Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique for separating and analyzing volatile compounds in a sample. Its primary purpose is to identify and quantify components in complex mixtures, making it essential in fields such as environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals. GC is also called vapor-phase chromatography (VPC) or gas-liquid partition chromatography (GLPC).
In GC,  a sample is vaporized and mixed with an inert carrier gas (the mobile phase), which transports it through a column.
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography01:18

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) provides a beneficial substitute for gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for certain samples because it merges the top attributes of both techniques. SFC allows the separation and analysis of compounds that GC or LC does not easily manage. These compounds are traditionally nonvolatile or thermally unstable, making GC unsuitable and lacking functional groups required for HPLC analysis.
SFC utilizes a supercritical fluid mobile phase,...
Qualitative Analysis01:10

Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative analysis is the process of identifying elements, ions, or compounds in an unknown sample. It is the first and most fundamental type of analysis based on the hierarchy of analytical goals. This hierarchy is significant as it provides a structured approach to scientific research, with qualitative analysis serving as the initial step, providing essential information before moving on to quantitative or other forms of analysis.
There are two main approaches to qualitative analysis:...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Profiling Volatile Compounds in Blackcurrant Fruit using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
05:29

Profiling Volatile Compounds in Blackcurrant Fruit using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 9, 2021

Determining chemical activity of (semi)volatile compounds by headspace solid-phase microextraction.

Charlotte N Legind1, Ulrich Karlson, Joel G Burken

  • 1Department of Environmental Chemistry and Microbiology, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark. chni@dmu.dk

Analytical Chemistry
|February 23, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a fast, solvent-free method using automated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to measure chemical activity of organic compounds. The technique accurately determines chemical activity, fugacity, and dissolved concentrations across various sample types.

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Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Paired with Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction as a Forensic Tool
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Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Paired with Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction as a Forensic Tool

Published on: May 25, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Chemical activity is crucial for determining analyte equilibrium concentrations in analytical methods.
  • Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) offers a sensitive technique for analyzing volatile and semi-volatile compounds.
  • Existing methods for chemical activity measurement can be time-consuming and require significant solvent use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel analytical methodology for measuring the chemical activity of nonpolar (semi)volatile organic compounds.
  • To utilize automated SPME for the determination of chemical activity, fugacity, and freely dissolved concentrations.
  • To assess the applicability of the method across diverse sample matrices.

Main Methods:

  • Automated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography (GC) was employed.
  • The methodology involved headspace equilibration of the SPME fiber with the sample.
  • Calibration was performed using SPME partitioning standards in methanol.

Main Results:

  • The developed SPME method accurately measured chemical activity, fugacity, and freely dissolved concentrations.
  • Model compounds (BTEX, naphthalene, alkanes) were successfully analyzed in various matrices including PDMS, wood, soil, and NAPL.
  • Matrix type did not influence sampling kinetics, with diffusion through the headspace being the rate-limiting step.

Conclusions:

  • Automated SPME provides a fast, reliable, and nearly solvent-free approach for chemical activity measurement.
  • The method demonstrates broad applicability for analyzing mixed-media samples.
  • This technique offers significant advantages over traditional methods for environmental and chemical analysis.