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Related Concept Videos

Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
Self-Schemas02:16

Self-Schemas

In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:
Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...

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Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
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Cognitive ability is associated with suspected reporting errors on food frequency questionnaires.

S K Pope1, S B Kritchevsky, M C Morris

  • 1Department of Geriatrics, College of Medicine, University of AR for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. skpope@uams.edu

The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
|February 23, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Older adults with lower cognitive ability are more likely to make errors when reporting their total energy intake using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). This suggests cognitive function impacts dietary reporting accuracy in this population.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Nutritional Epidemiology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Accurate dietary assessment is crucial for evaluating health and guiding interventions in older adults.
  • Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) are commonly used but may be subject to reporting biases.
  • Cognitive function can influence an individual's ability to accurately recall and report dietary intake.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between cognitive ability and the accuracy of reported total energy intake among older adults using an FFQ.
  • To identify potential biases in dietary reporting related to cognitive function in a diverse cohort of older adults.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal cohort study involving 2,706 community-dwelling Black and White older adults (aged 70-79).
  • Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between cognitive ability (Modified Mini Mental State Exam - 3MS) and errors in FFQ energy intake reporting.
  • Models controlled for demographic and lifestyle factors, and analyses were conducted using both continuous and categorical measures of cognitive function.

Main Results:

  • Lower cognitive ability, indicated by lower 3MS scores, was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of reporting errors in total energy intake.
  • A five-point increase in 3MS scores corresponded to a 14% reduced odds of reporting errors (OR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.77-0.95).
  • Compared to White women, White men, Black women, and Black men showed significantly higher odds of reporting errors (ORs 2.0 and 3.0, respectively).

Conclusions:

  • Evidence suggests that cognitive deficits in older adults contribute to inaccuracies in reporting total energy intake via FFQs.
  • Assessing cognitive function may aid clinicians in dietary evaluations and inform researchers using FFQ data, potentially enabling stratified analyses and sensitivity analyses.
  • These findings highlight the importance of considering cognitive status when interpreting dietary data from older populations.