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Development of the Heart

Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart tube by...

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[Atrial septal defect. A morphopathological and embryological study].

Luis Muñoz Castellanos¹, Magdalena Kuri Nivon, Nilda Espínola Zavaleta

¹Departamento de Embriología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano Núm. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México, D.F. munoz-embriologia@hotmail.com

Archivos De Cardiologia De Mexico

|February 24, 2007

Summary

This study classifies atrial septal defects (ASD) topographically, revealing the ostium secundum (FS) type as most common. Understanding ASD anatomy aids in interpreting imaging and guiding surgical interventions.

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Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Pathology
Embryology
Congenital Heart Disease

Background:

Atrial septal defects (ASD) are congenital heart diseases requiring better understanding of their morphopathology.
Topographical classification and anatomo-embryological correlation are crucial for diagnosing and treating ASD.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe and topographically classify atrial septal defects (ASD).
To correlate ASD anatomy with embryological development for insights into pathogenesis.
To provide foundational knowledge for interpreting imaging and guiding interventions.

Main Methods:

Morphological study of 71 hearts with ASD and 23 normal hearts.
Segmental sequential analysis and topographical classification of the interatrial septum.
Anatomo-embryological correlation comparing ASD anatomy with atrial septation processes.

Main Results:

The ostium secundum (FS) type was the most frequent ASD, accounting for 64.78%.
Other ASD types included common atrium, true FS, and sinus venosus defects, each with lower prevalence.
The FS area was topographically located below the superior vena cava.

Conclusions:

Morphological and topographical knowledge of ASD is essential for interpreting imaging studies.
This understanding is fundamental for surgeons and interventional cardiologists.
Abnormal apoptosis and retarded developmental growth are proposed as key pathogenic mechanisms in ASD.