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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Crystal Field Theory
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Visualizing the structure of triglyceride nanoparticles in different crystal modifications.

Heike Bunjes1, Frank Steiniger, Walter Richter

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Tristearin nanoparticles can preserve their metastable alpha-modification for drug delivery applications. This unique structure, stabilized by phospholipids and bile salts, offers potential advantages over the stable beta-form.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

  • Colloidal suspensions of triglycerides are explored as drug delivery carriers.
  • Triglyceride nanoparticle properties differ from bulk material, with rapid transformation from metastable alpha to stable beta-polymorph.
  • Preservation of the alpha-modification in tristearin nanoparticles was recently achieved using specific stabilizers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structure of triglyceride nanoparticle dispersions in detail.
  • To understand the structural differences between alpha- and beta-modifications in tristearin nanoparticles.
  • To explore the potential advantages of alpha-modification triglyceride nanoparticles for drug delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD)
  • Electron microscopy (EM), including freeze-fracture and cryoelectron microscopy

Main Results:

  • Electron microscopy revealed platelet-like, layered structures for beta-modification particles.
  • Spheroidal particles with concentric layers were observed for alpha-modification particles.
  • Detailed internal structures of solid triglyceride nanoparticles were visualized using advanced EM techniques.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides detailed structural insights into triglyceride nanoparticles.
  • The ability to preserve the metastable alpha-modification is significant for drug delivery applications.
  • Advanced electron microscopy techniques offer unprecedented views into nanoparticle internal structures.