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The role of the X chromosome in immunity and autoimmunity

Gabriela Hernández-Molina1, Yevgeniya Svyryd, Jorge Sánchez-Guerrero

  • 1Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, INCMNSZ, Mexico. gabyhm@yahoo.com

Autoimmunity Reviews
|February 24, 2007
PubMed

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Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.