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Related Concept Videos

Pulse Oximetry

Pulse Oximetry

Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...

Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs

Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs

Following these guidelines can help nurses accurately measure vital signs, assess changes in patient conditions, and provide timely treatment when necessary. Adhering closely to the guidelines ensures the accuracy and reliability of the results.
Before taking a patient's vital signs, a nurse would consider and assess the patient's comfort level and ensure appropriate equipment is available.

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
Ensuring accuracy in vital sign recordings while prioritizing patient comfort and minimizing anxiety is important.

Special considerations while measuring pulse

Special considerations while measuring pulse

Assessing a patient's pulse is a fundamental skill in healthcare, but certain situations require special attention:

Assessment of radial pulse

Assessment of radial pulse

Assessment of Radial Pulse
The radial pulse, located at the wrist, is often the preferred site for assessing peripheral pulse because of its accessibility and dependability. The process of determining the radial pulse involves several steps:

Equipments Used To Measure Blood Pressure

Equipments Used To Measure Blood Pressure

Direct Method
This invasive approach involves cannulating a peripheral artery. During each cardiac contraction, pressure generates mechanical motion within the catheter, transmitted through rigid, fluid-filled tubing to a transducer. This transducer converts mechanical motion into electrical signals displayed as waveforms on a monitor. An automatic flushing system prevents blood backflow. Due to the potential risk of unexpected arterial blood loss, this method is primarily used in intensive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care

Published on: May 10, 2024

Evaluation of a new pulse oximeter sensor.

Marco Fernandez¹, Kathy Burns, Beverly Calhoun

¹Saint Thomas Health Services, Nashville, TN 37202, USA. mfernand@stthomas.org

American Journal of Critical Care : an Official Publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses

|February 27, 2007

Summary

A new forehead pulse oximeter shows improved accuracy for measuring oxygen saturation in patients with low cardiac index compared to traditional finger sensors. This noninvasive device offers better agreement with arterial oxygen saturation levels.

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Medical Devices
Physiology

Background:

Low cardiac index presents challenges for accurate noninvasive oxygen saturation monitoring.
Forehead-based pulse oximetry sensors are emerging as a potential solution to improve signal quality.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the agreement of oxygen saturation readings between digit-based and forehead pulse oximeters against arterial oxygen saturation in patients with low cardiac index.

Main Methods:

A method-comparison study involving 19 patients with low cardiac index.
Simultaneous readings from finger and forehead pulse oximeters and arterial blood samples.
Analysis of bias, precision, and root mean square differences using Bland-Altman analysis.

Main Results:

Forehead sensors demonstrated less bias (-0.36 +/- 1.74%) and smaller root mean square differences (1.70%) compared to digit sensors (-1.16 +/- 1.62%, 1.93%).
The forehead sensor showed significantly better agreement with arterial oxygen saturation.
Mean oxygen saturation values were 97% (blood), 96% (finger), and 97% (forehead).

Conclusions:

Forehead pulse oximetry is a more accurate noninvasive method for monitoring oxygen saturation in patients with low cardiac index.
The forehead sensor offers superior performance over digit sensors in this patient population.