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Related Concept Videos

Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing nebulizer...
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid samples include a variety of substances, such as sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Two standard methods for extracting sediments from water bodies are grab sampling and piston coring. Grab sampling involves using a device to collect a discrete sediment sample from the bottom of a water body with minimal disturbance. Grab samples do not always represent the entire area due to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

A High Performance Impedance-based Platform for Evaporation Rate Detection
06:39

A High Performance Impedance-based Platform for Evaporation Rate Detection

Published on: October 17, 2016

Measuring evaporation rates of metal compounds from solid samples.

Christian Ludwig1, Jörg Wochele, Urs Jörimann

  • 1Paul Scherrer Institut (ENE-LEM), CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland. christian.ludwig@psi.ch

Analytical Chemistry
|March 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A new TGA-ICP device enables direct elemental analysis of high-boiling-point substances. This analytical method accurately quantifies thermochemical evaporation behavior, crucial for heavy metal waste treatment and recycling.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) is challenging for high-boiling-temperature substances.
  • Existing condensation interface (CI) methods for ICP-OES are typically semiquantitative.
  • Accurate elemental analysis of volatile heavy metals is critical for industrial processes like waste treatment and recycling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel analytical device, TGA-ICP, for on-line elemental analysis of high-boiling-temperature substances.
  • To establish a direct calibration method for the TGA-CI-ICP-OES system.
  • To investigate the thermochemical evaporation behavior of heavy metal compounds, using cadmium chloride as a model.

Main Methods:

  • Coupling a thermogravimeter (TGA) with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) via a condensation interface (CI).
  • Utilizing argon as a carrier gas to transfer aerosols from TGA to ICP-OES for elemental analysis.
  • Performing direct calibration of the TGA-CI-ICP-OES system using volatile model compounds and comparing results with gravimetric evaporation rates.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the feasibility of direct calibration for the TGA-CI-ICP-OES device.
  • Established a direct correlation between ICP-OES intensities and gravimetrically determined evaporation rates.
  • Successfully analyzed model evaporation experiments with cadmium chloride (CdCl2), including samples derived from reactions involving cadmium oxide (CdO).

Conclusions:

  • The TGA-ICP device is the first of its kind, enabling quantitative on-line elemental analysis of high-boiling-temperature substances.
  • This method allows for the study of thermochemical evaporation behavior under various conditions, applicable to large sample sizes (100-500 mg).
  • The developed technique is highly relevant for assessing the behavior of toxic heavy metals in waste-treatment and recycling processes.