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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance01:23

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
A study on guinea pigs examined the...
Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy01:26

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation. For...
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity
03:37

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity

Published on: June 8, 2021

Risperidone-to-methylphenidate switch reaction in children: three cases.

Osman Sabuncuoglu1

  • 1Department of Child Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. sabuncuoglu2004@yahoo.com

Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)
|March 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Switching from risperidone to methylphenidate in children can cause severe adverse reactions like hyperactivity and agitation. A drug-free interval between these medications is recommended to prevent these side effects.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity
03:37

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity

Published on: June 8, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • Neuropharmacology
  • Pediatric Behavioral Health

Background:

  • Atypical antipsychotics, including risperidone, are increasingly used for childhood behavioral disorders.
  • Understanding the safety of switching between antipsychotics and methylphenidate is crucial due to their opposing dopaminergic effects.

Observation:

  • Three pediatric cases experienced severe adverse reactions (hyperactivity, agitation, irritability) when switching from risperidone to methylphenidate.
  • These reactions resolved upon discontinuation of methylphenidate.
  • Readministration of methylphenidate after a drug-free interval did not cause adverse effects in two patients.

Findings:

  • Switching from risperidone to methylphenidate can precipitate severe behavioral and neurological adverse events in children.
  • The timing and interaction between these medications appear critical for patient safety.

Implications:

  • A recommended drug-free interval between risperidone and methylphenidate treatment is suggested to mitigate risks.
  • Clinicians should be vigilant for adverse reactions during medication transitions in pediatric patients.
  • Altered neuroreceptor function during risperidone treatment may contribute to adverse responses upon methylphenidate initiation.