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Olfaction

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals

Published on: October 31, 2011

Functional optical hemodynamic imaging of the olfactory cortex.

Eiji Kobayashi¹, Takashi Kusaka, Masayuki Karaki

¹Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kitagun, Kagawa, Japan. weston7d@yahoo.co.jp

The Laryngoscope

|March 6, 2007

Summary

Multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (MNIRS) effectively monitored frontal cortex activity during olfactory stimulation. This brain imaging technique revealed hemodynamic changes, particularly in the lower frontal areas, in response to odors.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Brain Imaging
Sensory Systems

Background:

Olfactory activity involves complex brain processing.
Functional brain imaging techniques are crucial for understanding olfactory responses.
Hemodynamic changes reflect neural activity in the brain.

Purpose of the Study:

To clarify functional brain imaging of olfactory activity.
To monitor frontal cortex activity using multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (MNIRS).
To investigate hemodynamic responses to olfactory stimulation.

Main Methods:

A prospective study involving eight healthy subjects.
Utilized a 22-channel near-infrared spectroscopy device.
Administered olfactory stimulation (isovaleric acid) and control (saline), measuring hemodynamic changes (oxyHb, deoxyHb, totalHb).

Main Results:

Olfactory stimulation with isovaleric acid caused significant hemodynamic changes, primarily in the lower frontal cortex.
Increased concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin were observed post-stimulation.
Saline control did not elicit notable changes, indicating odor-specific responses.

Conclusions:

Multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (MNIRS) is a viable tool for evaluating brain hemodynamics during olfactory stimulation.
The study identified potential links between activated frontal areas and the orbitofrontal cortex.
MNIRS provides insights into the functional brain imaging of olfactory processing.