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Maturation of Endosomes

Maturation of Endosomes

The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
Changes in location
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

A Magnetic Separation-Assisted High-Speed Homogenization Method for Large-Scale Production of Endosome-Derived Vesicles

A Magnetic Separation-Assisted High-Speed Homogenization Method for Large-Scale Production of Endosome-Derived Vesicles

Published on: January 26, 2024

Internal structure of magnetic endosomes.

C Rivière¹, C Wilhelm, F Cousin

¹Laboratoire des Liquides Ioniques et Interfaces Chargées, UMR CNRS-UPMC-ESPCI 7612, 140 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter

|March 6, 2007

Summary

Researchers studied magnetic nanoparticles inside biological vesicles using microscopy and neutron scattering. They found nanoparticle dynamics significantly slow down within cells, suggesting vesicle fusion in cellular uptake.

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A Magnetic Separation-Assisted High-Speed Homogenization Method for Large-Scale Production of Endosome-Derived Vesicles

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Published on: April 16, 2014

Area of Science:

Biophysics
Cell Biology
Nanotechnology

Background:

Biological vesicles play crucial roles in cellular transport.
Magnetic nanoparticles offer potential for biomedical applications.
Understanding nanoparticle-cell interactions is key for targeted delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the internal structure and dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles within biological vesicles.
To compare nanoparticle behavior at different stages of cellular uptake (adsorption vs. internalization).
To elucidate the cellular mechanisms involved in the endocytosis of magnetic nanoparticles.

Main Methods:

Utilized complementary techniques: transmission electron microscopy, magneto-optical birefringence, and Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS).
Employed magnetic purification for isolating magnetic endosomes from HeLa cells.
Analyzed nanoparticles at two distinct cellular stages: membrane adsorption and endosomal internalization.

Main Results:

Dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles were significantly reduced within cellular environments compared to aqueous media (3-5 orders of magnitude slower).
Small Angle Neutron Scattering revealed that magnetic endosomes exhibit a decorated vesicle structure, with nanoparticles localized on the inner membrane.
Distinct microenvironmental differences were observed for nanoparticles at the adsorption and internalization stages.

Conclusions:

Cellular uptake of magnetic nanoparticles involves complex dynamics influenced by the intracellular environment.
The internal structure of magnetic endosomes suggests a specific organization of nanoparticles within the vesicle.
Multiple decorated vesicle fusions are proposed as the underlying mechanism for the endocytosis of these nanomaterials.