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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

Chromatin Packaging

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter?
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order structures.

Chromatin Packaging

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...

Chromatin Packaging

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter?
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order structures.

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

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Published on: September 20, 2018

Multi-tasking on chromatin with the SAGA coactivator complexes.

Jeremy A Daniel¹, Patrick A Grant

¹Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.

Mutation Research

|March 6, 2007

Summary

The yeast SAGA complex, a large protein assembly, plays crucial roles in gene regulation through histone modifications and transcriptional activation, especially during cellular stress.

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Chromatin Interaction Analysis with Paired-End Tag Sequencing (ChIA-PET) for Mapping Chromatin Interactions and Understanding Transcription Regulation

Chromatin Interaction Analysis with Paired-End Tag Sequencing (ChIA-PET) for Mapping Chromatin Interactions and Understanding Transcription Regulation

Published on: April 30, 2012

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Gene Regulation
Epigenetics

Background:

The yeast SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5-Acetyltransferase) and SLIK coactivator complexes are crucial for gene regulation.
These complexes are involved in modifying histones, which impacts gene expression.
Understanding their distinct yet similar functions is key to comprehending cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and synthesize recent findings on the yeast SAGA coactivator complex.
To highlight the diverse roles of SAGA in histone post-translational modification and gene regulation.
To explore SAGA's functions beyond transcriptional activation, including roles in elongation and mRNA export.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies published over the last 10 years.
Analysis of research identifying novel SAGA complex components.
Synthesis of data on SAGA's involvement in various histone modifications (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, deubiquitination).

Main Results:

Recent studies have identified novel components of the SAGA complex, revealing additional distinct functions.
SAGA exhibits unique attributes in catalyzing multiple histone modifications.
Evidence suggests SAGA's involvement in transcriptional elongation and mRNA export, in addition to activation.
The modular structure of SAGA facilitates its diverse roles, particularly under cellular stress.

Conclusions:

The yeast SAGA complex is a highly versatile molecular machine with multifaceted roles in gene regulation.
Its ability to organize diverse functions, including various histone modifications and roles in transcription and mRNA export, is critical for cellular adaptation, especially under stress conditions.