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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet cell...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...

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Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet
09:22

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet

Published on: November 4, 2015

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

William R Auger1, Nick H Kim, Kim M Kerr

  • 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9300 Campus Point Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. bauger@ucsd.edu

Clinics in Chest Medicine
|March 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Chronic thrombotic obstruction in pulmonary arteries was historically documented but not clinically defined until the 1950s. Early surgical attempts in 1958 established endarterectomy as the necessary procedure for treatment.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet
09:22

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet

Published on: November 4, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Pulmonary Vascular Disease
  • Surgical History

Background:

  • Organized thrombus in major pulmonary arteries has been described in autopsy reports since the late 19th century.
  • Antemortem diagnosis and the clinical syndrome of chronic thrombotic obstruction were not well-defined until the 1950s.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To trace the historical understanding and diagnostic evolution of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease.
  • To establish the foundational surgical approach for treating chronic pulmonary artery obstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of autopsy reports and clinical case descriptions.
  • Analysis of the first surgical intervention for pulmonary artery thrombus removal in 1958.

Main Results:

  • The first surgical attempt in 1958 provided a conceptual basis for differentiating acute and chronic thromboembolic disease.
  • This early surgery demonstrated that endarterectomy, not embolectomy, was the required surgical strategy.

Conclusions:

  • The historical progression from autopsy findings to clinical characterization significantly advanced the understanding of chronic pulmonary artery obstruction.
  • The 1958 surgical attempt was pivotal in defining the pathology and establishing endarterectomy as the definitive treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.