Spinal nerve root stimulation

Spinal nerve root stimulation is a recently developed form of neuromodulation used for the treatment of chronic pain conditions. Unlike spinal cord stimulation, in which electrical impulses are directed at the dorsal columns, spinal nerve root stimulation guides electrical current directly to one or more nerve roots. There are a variety of techniques by which this can be accomplished, yet no consistent terminology to describe these variations exists. In this review, the authors group the various techniques according to anatomical approach, define each category, describe and illustrate each of the techniques, review the available reports on their uses, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each one.