In vivo phosphorus NMR spectroscopy of skin using a crossover surface coil

A modified crossover surface coil with minimal B1 field penetration was used for collection of skin phosphorus NMR spectra. Projection imaging experiments show that the coil-sensitive volume is uniform at the phosphorus frequency, but strikingly nonuniform at the proton frequency. Experiments with an in vitro phosphorus phantom, designed to simulate skin and underlying tissue, demonstrated that 45.1% (+/- 1.2%) of total signal was derived from Sprague-Dawley rat skin and 19.3% (+/- 1.4%) of total signal was derived from Fischer-344 rat skin. 31P MR spectra of rat skin in vivo permitted resolution of four phosphorus compounds: nucleoside triphosphates, phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi), and phosphomonoester. Spectra collected after skin flap surgery in Fischer-344 rats showed a 50.1% (+/- 7.6%) reduction in the ratio of PCr/Pi within 30 min of surgery, compared to presurgical PCr/Pi levels (P less than 0.01). Skin phosphorus spectra are potentially useful for assessment of skin flap and skin graft viability.