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Related Concept Videos

Benefits of Self-Esteem01:25

Benefits of Self-Esteem

Self-esteem—an individual's overall evaluation of their worth—plays a complex role in psychological functioning and well-being. It is often associated with many positive traits, such as confidence, optimism, and perseverance. Individuals with high self-esteem typically experience better sleep, manage peer pressure more effectively, and report greater life satisfaction. Conversely, low self-esteem has been consistently linked with increased risks of depression, anxiety, and poor academic or...
Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
Self-Esteem01:28

Self-Esteem

Self-esteem, a core aspect of psychological well-being, reflects an individual's positive and negative self-evaluation in terms of worth, competence, and overall value. It is both a stable trait and a dynamic process, influenced by experiences and social interactions across the lifespan. While global self-esteem offers a general assessment, research highlights that self-esteem is multidimensional and varies across specific life domains.Domain-Specific Self-EsteemResearchers have delineated...
Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison01:27

Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison

Social comparison plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of personal success and self-worth. Rather than assessing our achievements in isolation, we interpret their significance relative to personal goals and critically in comparison to the performance of others. A grade of B in a mathematics exam might elicit pride if one's expectation was a C, yet result in disappointment if an A was anticipated or if peers achieved superior results. These comparative evaluations illustrate how both...
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Sources of Self-Esteem I: Family Experience01:18

Sources of Self-Esteem I: Family Experience

Self-esteem, a crucial component of psychological development, is significantly shaped by familial experiences. The early parent-child relationship serves as a foundational influence on a child's self-concept, with long-lasting effects extending into adolescence and adulthood.Parental Behaviors and Early Self-Esteem FormationEmpirical studies have identified four principal parental behaviors that foster healthy self-esteem in children. These include expressions of acceptance, affection, and...

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Updated: Jul 16, 2026

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats
07:57

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Published on: February 22, 2018

Implicit but not explicit self-esteem predicts future depressive symptomatology.

Erik Franck1, Rudi De Raedt, Jan De Houwer

  • 1Department of Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Erik.Franck@UGent.be

Behaviour Research and Therapy
|March 9, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Implicit self-esteem, not explicit, predicts future depression symptoms. This finding is crucial for understanding vulnerability to depressive relapse, even when implicit self-esteem levels are similar between groups.

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Published on: December 2, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Research on implicit self-esteem's predictive validity for depressive relapse is limited.
  • Self-esteem, both implicit and explicit, plays a role in mood disorders.
  • Understanding predictors of depression relapse is vital for effective intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess implicit and explicit self-esteem in currently depressed, formerly depressed, and never depressed individuals.
  • To examine the predictive validity of self-esteem (implicit, explicit, and their interaction) for future depressive symptoms.
  • To investigate the role of implicit self-esteem in depression relapse vulnerability.

Main Methods:

  • Implicit self-esteem was measured using the Name Letter Preference Task.
  • Explicit self-esteem was assessed via the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.
  • Predictive validity was examined in formerly depressed and never depressed individuals over a six-month follow-up period.

Main Results:

  • Currently depressed individuals reported lower explicit self-esteem than other groups.
  • All groups exhibited similar levels of positive implicit self-esteem.
  • Implicit self-esteem significantly predicted future depressive symptoms, controlling for baseline symptomatology.

Conclusions:

  • Implicit self-esteem is a significant predictor of depressive symptoms and potential relapse.
  • Despite similar levels between formerly and never depressed individuals, implicit self-esteem is a key vulnerability marker.
  • Findings highlight the importance of implicit self-esteem in the study of depression recurrence.