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Rumination, emotion, and forgiveness: three longitudinal studies.

Michael E McCullough1, Giacomo Bono, Lindsey M Root

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0751, USA. mikem@miami.edu

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
|March 14, 2007
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Summary

Increased rumination about interpersonal transgressions is linked to decreased forgiveness. This association is primarily driven by anger towards the offender, not fear, and is independent of daily mood fluctuations.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Emotion Research

Background:

  • Rumination, or repetitive thinking about negative events, is a common response to interpersonal transgressions.
  • Forgiveness is a crucial process for relationship repair and individual well-being.
  • Understanding the dynamic interplay between rumination and forgiveness is vital for psychological health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the within-person association between increases in rumination and decreases in forgiveness following interpersonal transgressions.
  • To examine the mediating role of anger and fear in the rumination-forgiveness link.
  • To explore potential confounding and moderating factors, including affect and transgression severity.

Main Methods:

  • Three studies were conducted utilizing within-person analyses to examine daily fluctuations.
  • Participants' rumination and forgiveness levels were assessed over time.
  • Statistical mediation and cross-lagged analyses were employed to test the proposed relationships.

Main Results:

  • Within-person increases in rumination were significantly associated with within-person reductions in forgiveness.
  • Anger mediated the link between rumination and forgiveness, while fear did not.
  • These associations remained significant despite controlling for daily positive and negative affect.

Conclusions:

  • Transient increases in rumination about interpersonal offenses predict subsequent decreases in forgiveness.
  • Anger is a key emotional mechanism linking rumination to reduced forgiveness.
  • The findings suggest that reducing rumination may be a viable strategy for promoting forgiveness.