Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 16, 2026

A Modified Mirror Test as a Visual Guide for the Self-awareness Trait in Wild Antarctica Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae
Published on: July 8, 2025
The psychological structure of pride: a tale of two facets
Jessica L Tracy1, Richard W Robins
1Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. jltracy@psych.ubc.ca
Abstract:
To provide support for the theoretical distinction between 2 facets of pride, authentic and hubristic (J. L. Tracy & R. W. Robins, 2004a), the authors conducted 7 studies. Studies 1-4 demonstrate that the 2 facets (a) emerge in analyses of the semantic meaning of pride-related words, the dispositional tendency to experience pride, and reports of actual pride experiences; (b) have divergent personality correlates and distinct antecedent causal attributions; and (c) do not simply reflect positively and negatively valenced, high- and low-activation, or state versus trait forms of pride. In Studies 5-7, the authors develop and demonstrate the reliability and validity of brief, 7-item scales that can be used to assess the facets of pride in future research.
Related Concept Videos
Structure of Self
Components of the Mind: Id, Ego, and Superego
Self-Serving Bias
The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification
