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Prokinetic agents are specialized medications that stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, promoting food movement through the GI tract. Dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in this process, reducing GI motility and indirectly controlling the speed of digestion. Dopamine receptor antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, offer a unique advantage as prokinetic agents. By blocking the dopamine receptors, these drugs increase GI motility, improving food...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Swimming Induced Paralysis to Assess Dopamine Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:36

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Published on: April 3, 2019

Apomorphine effects on frog locomotor behavior.

Joanne Chu1, Walter Wilczynski

  • 1Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA. jochu@spelman.edu

Physiology & Behavior
|March 16, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Dopamine (DA) systems are conserved in vertebrates. In frogs, the DA agonist apomorphine disrupted climbing but not swimming, suggesting functional differences in motor control across species.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Comparative Biology
  • Zoology

Background:

  • Dopamine (DA) systems exhibit conserved neuroanatomical pathways across vertebrates.
  • Functional homology of DA systems between mammals and amphibians remains uncertain.
  • DA is crucial for motor behaviors in mammals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of dopamine in amphibian motor behaviors.
  • To determine if dopamine's motor function is conserved between amphibians and mammals.
  • To examine the effects of a dopamine agonist on complex motor tasks in the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens).

Main Methods:

  • Administered a nonspecific dopamine agonist, apomorphine (APO), to Northern Leopard Frogs.
  • Assessed the impact of APO on a complex motor task comprising swimming and climbing.

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  • Quantified changes in motor task completion time, swimming parameters, and climbing speed and ability.

    • Main Results:

    • A high dose of apomorphine (20 mg/kg) significantly increased the time to complete the motor task.
    • Apomorphine did not significantly alter most swimming behaviors.
    • Apomorphine impaired both climbing speed and climbing ability in frogs.

    Conclusions:

    • Dopamine plays a role in amphibian motor control, with specific effects on climbing behavior.
    • These findings contribute to understanding dopamine function in amphibians.
    • The study advances knowledge on the structure-function homologies of dopamine across vertebrate taxa.