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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • Deuterostomes, including vertebrates, possess pharyngeal gill slits supported by a skeleton.
  • Invertebrate deuterostome cartilages are acellular, unlike vertebrate cartilage.
  • Previous work identified fibrillar collagen in hemichordate and cephalochordate cartilage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the cellular origin of pharyngeal cartilage in invertebrate deuterostomes.
  • Compare cartilage formation mechanisms across deuterostome lineages.
  • Elucidate the evolutionary history of pharyngeal skeletal development.

Main Methods:

  • Gene expression analysis (SoxE, Pax1/9, fibrillar collagen) in pharyngeal tissues.
  • In situ hybridization experiments in cephalochordates.
  • Comparative analysis of deuterostome pharyngeal skeletal development.

Main Results:

  • Fibrillar collagen and SoxE expression found in pharyngeal endodermal cells in hemichordates.
  • Pax1/9, a vertebrate pharyngeal endoderm marker, is also expressed in these cells.
  • In cephalochordates, fibrillar collagen expression extends to ectoderm and mesoderm surrounding gill bars.

Conclusions:

  • Pharyngeal endodermal cells are likely responsible for cartilage secretion in hemichordates.
  • Cartilage formation in lancelets may involve ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal cells.
  • Endoderm secretion is proposed as the ancestral mechanism for deuterostome pharyngeal cartilage.
  • Vertebrate neural crest cells later co-opted gene networks for cartilage matrix secretion.