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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Determination of Crystal Structures

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Crystalline order in superfluid (3)He films.

A B Vorontsov¹, J A Sauls

¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|March 16, 2007

Summary

Superfluid Helium-3 films exhibit an inhomogeneous phase where translational symmetry breaks, creating striped order. This energetically favored phase emerges at specific film thicknesses, separating homogeneous superfluid states.

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Superfluidity Studies
Thin Film Dynamics

Background:

Superfluidity in Helium-3 (He-3) is a complex quantum phenomenon.
Understanding the behavior of He-3 in thin films is crucial for fundamental physics.
Homogeneous superfluid phases are well-established, but inhomogeneous phases remain less explored.

Purpose of the Study:

To predict and characterize a novel inhomogeneous phase in superfluid He-3 films.
To determine the conditions (film thickness) under which this phase is energetically favored.
To investigate the nature of the transition from homogeneous to inhomogeneous superfluid states.

Main Methods:

Theoretical prediction of a new superfluid phase.
Analysis of spontaneous symmetry breaking in thin films.

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

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Published on: March 24, 2018

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Numerical calculations of the order parameter and free energy.

Identification of critical film thicknesses (D(c1)(T) and D(c2)(T)).

Main Results:

Prediction of an inhomogeneous superfluid phase in He-3 films.
Spontaneous breaking of translational symmetry in the film plane.
Identification of a single-mode instability at D(c2) ~ 9 xi (T), leading to striped phase order.
Second-order instability at D(c1) ~ 13 xi (T) to a periodic lattice of B-like phases.

Conclusions:

An inhomogeneous superfluid phase in He-3 films is energetically favored within a specific thickness range.
This phase is characterized by broken translational symmetry and striped order.
The findings reveal new complexities in the phase diagram of superfluid He-3 films.