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Related Concept Videos

Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not until 1985...
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not until 1985...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...

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Inducing Dendritic Growth in Cultured Sympathetic Neurons
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Noggin regulates Bmp4 activity during pituitary induction.

Shannon W Davis1, Sally A Camper

  • 1Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 4909 Buhl Building, 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0618, USA.

Developmental Biology
|March 16, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Noggin, a Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) antagonist, is crucial for proper pituitary development. Its absence in mice disrupts signaling, leading to abnormal pituitary formation and patterning.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular signaling

Background:

  • Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling is essential for mouse pituitary development, from Rathke's pouch induction to anterior lobe cell specification.
  • Noggin, a Bmp 2 and 4 antagonist, is expressed in key areas during pituitary development and in the adult gland.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of noggin in regulating Bmp signaling during pituitary development.
  • To analyze the effects of noggin deficiency on pituitary formation and patterning in mouse embryos.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of noggin null mouse embryos to observe pituitary phenotypes.
  • Examination of Bmp signaling pathway activity, including Bmp4 and Sonic hedgehog expression domains.
  • Assessment of Fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) repression.

Main Results:

  • Noggin null embryos exhibit variable pituitary phenotypes, including rostrally displaced or secondary pituitary tissue.
  • Disruption of ventral diencephalon patterning with expanded Bmp4 activity.
  • Repression of Fgf10 and a rostral shift in Bmp4 and Sonic hedgehog expression boundaries.
  • Additional oral ectoderm invaginations and altered Rathke's pouch positioning.

Conclusions:

  • Attenuation of Bmp signaling activity is vital during pituitary induction.
  • Proper balance of signaling factors is necessary for pituitary organogenesis.
  • Noggin plays a critical role in preventing excessive Bmp signaling and ensuring correct pituitary development.