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Energy Supply for Muscle Contraction01:25

Energy Supply for Muscle Contraction

Skeletal muscle fibers have the unique ability to switch between rest and contraction states, using different sources of ATP for energy. The contraction cycle and Ca2+ transport back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for relaxation require significant ATP. However, the ATP reserves in muscle fibers are limited and can only sustain contractions for a few seconds. Additional ATP production becomes necessary for prolonged contractions. As a result, muscle fibers generate ATP through various sources,...
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
09:40

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Published on: January 19, 2017

Skin phosphocreatine.

Alexander Zemtsov1

  • 1Indiana University School of Medicine, Muncie, IN 47303, USA. azemtsov@iupui.edu

Skin Research and Technology : Official Journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [And] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [And] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI)
|March 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Human skin utilizes phosphocreatine to regenerate ATP during ischemia, aiding survival in procedures like skin grafts. This molecule and its enzyme, creatine phosphokinase, are key to skin health and UV protection.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Biochemistry
  • Skin physiology and energy metabolism

Background:

  • Human skin possesses a remarkable capacity to withstand ischemia, crucial for procedures like skin grafts and hair transplantation.
  • Spectroscopic, chromatographic, and molecular techniques confirm abundant phosphocreatine in skin, vital for ATP regeneration during ischemic events.
  • Creatine phosphokinase enzymes mediate this phosphocreatine reaction, with their presence studied in both healthy and diseased skin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of phosphocreatine and creatine phosphokinase in human skin physiology and pathology.
  • To explore the potential of these molecules in protecting skin from damage and aiding in healing processes.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted, synthesizing contributions from international research groups.
  • Spectroscopic, chromatographic, immunohistochemical, and molecular biology techniques were employed to identify and study phosphocreatine and creatine phosphokinase.
  • Analysis of enzyme and metabolite levels in various skin conditions and normal skin samples.

Main Results:

  • Elevated serum creatine phosphokinase levels were observed in burn victims and patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis.
  • Phosphocreatine concentration and creatine phosphokinase activity are significantly higher in psoriatic skin and non-melanoma skin cancers compared to normal skin.
  • These enzymes and phosphocreatine are primarily located in the epidermis and hair follicles, and contribute to UV damage protection.

Conclusions:

  • The scientific community is beginning to recognize the importance of phosphocreatine in skin.
  • Topical and systemic phosphocreatine administration shows promise in reversing photodamage and enhancing wound healing.
  • Spectroscopic monitoring of phosphocreatine metabolites could serve as a biomarker for disease activity and therapeutic response in conditions like psoriasis and skin malignancies.