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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla
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Parallel magnetic resonance imaging.

David J Larkman1, Rita G Nunes

  • 1The Imaging Sciences Department, Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK. david.larkman@imperial.ac.uk

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|March 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parallel imaging, using multiple receiver coils in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), significantly reduces scan times. This innovation overcomes previous speed limitations, enabling faster and more efficient imaging across various applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biophysics
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) acquisition times are limited by Fourier encoding.
  • Parallel imaging utilizes multiple receiver coils to accelerate MRI scans.
  • This technology addresses engineering and human limits in reducing scan duration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles and impact of parallel imaging in MRI.
  • To discuss various parallel imaging reconstruction algorithms and their limitations.
  • To explore practical implementation, applications, and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Summary of spatial encoding in MRI.
  • Review of parallel reconstruction algorithms: SENSE, SMASH, g-SMASH, and GRAPPA.
  • Discussion of theoretical (g-factor) and practical (coil design, calibration) aspects.

Main Results:

  • Parallel imaging significantly reduces MRI acquisition times.
  • Different algorithms offer varying approaches to reconstruction.
  • Understanding failure modes and artifacts is crucial for implementation.
  • Established applications include angiography, cardiac imaging, and echo planar imaging.

Conclusions:

  • Parallel imaging is a key innovation in MRI, enhancing speed and efficiency.
  • Algorithm selection, coil design, and calibration are critical for success.
  • Ongoing research focuses on artifact repair and improving data quality.